Hypnosis
The word "hypnosis" (from the Greek hypnos, "sleep") is an abbreviation of James Braid's (1843) term "neuro-hypnotism", meaning "sleep of the nervous system".
Hypnosis is simply a tool, or vehicle, which helps enable direct access to the subconscious mind. Other times in which we go into hypnosis naturally are; becoming absorbed in a good book or movie, driving on long trips (known as highway hypnosis), becoming bored and allowing our mind to drift (daydreaming), becoming extremely engaged in something and allowing our mind to focus, even riding on a train, with the rhythmic sounds and the constant swaying.
Associations include
British Hypnosis Research International Register
The British Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
The British Society of Medical and Dental Hypnosis
The National Council for Hypnotherapy
The National Federation of NeuroLinguistic Psychology
National Guild of Hypnotists
The UK Confederation of Hypnotherapy Organisations (UK umbrella body)
Abreaction - the expression and emotional discharge of unconscious material (as a repressed idea or emotion) by verbalization especially in the presence of a therapist. - A physical movement or an emotional outburst as a reaction to a suggestion while in the state of hypnosis. Some hypnotic abreactions are spontaneous, and others are created by the hypnotist. Hypnotic abreaction can be used to acquire greater depth, cause a revivification, or remove repressed emotions.
Affirmations - The act of affirming; something affirmed; a positive assertion. Affirmations are a useful method of "programming" the mind to act in a particular way.
Age Regression - A phenomenon in hypnosis that involves the giving of suggestions to the hypnotized client that he is of a younger age so he will relive certain experiences that took place at this age.
- Elicit the feeling or emotion in the client
- Use that feeling to bridge back to when the feeling first started
- Check to see if feeling is new or familiar
- Continue to follow the feeling back until it is new and supports client's history
- Explore that scene and situation through the mind and eyes of the child reviewing perceptions, emotions, beliefs, thoughts, and feelings
- Re-evaluate the experience with the adult mind
- At Initial Sensitizing Event (ISE), use appropriate manner to discharge negative emotions and association due to misconceptions or limitations
- Go through the ISE and Sub-Sequent Sensitizing Events (SSE)s using the adult's insight
- Connect the change in the child to the adult and integrate
- Future pace with change
- Give post-hypnotic suggestions to reinforce the changes
Anchor - A specific stimulus; sight, sound, word or touch that automatically brings up a particular memory and state of body and mind. Example: "Our Song"
Anchoring - Establishing a trigger which, when activated, will trigger certain responses; this happens randomly in life, but can be suggested during hypnosis (see also triggers).
Associated - Seeing the world out of your own eyes. Experiencing life in your body. Also see First Position. Contrast with Dissociated and Third Person.
Beliefs - Information held by the subconscious to be true.
Challenge - Essentially an "I dare you," in which the hypnotist challenges the client to perform some act which it is impossible for the client to do at his/her depth in the hypnotic state. Examples are the eye challenge and the arm rigidity challenge.
Congruence - The condition of goals, thoughts, and behaviors being in agreement.
Conversion (to Hypnosis) - A suggestibility test which is extended beyond the point where the suggestibility is determined and is used as an induction into hypnosis.
Convincer - A simple suggestion that convinces you that you are in hypnosis. Convincers can be covert and enable a hypnotherapist to test for depth. i.e, eye catalepsy, arm lock. Convincers, also known as ratifiers, help to convince the client that hypnosis has actually taken place. Often, they are placed as posthypnotic suggestions that take effect after the client has been emerged from the state of hypnosis.
Deepener - A suggestion or process that encourages the conscious mind to relax and allows the subconscious mind to step into the forefront, also used to move the client into a deeper level of trance. After emergence, some casual conversation will ensue; after which, the client will be challenged about the immobile arm. Try as he may, the client will be unable to move the arm until the release word is given by the hypnotist.
Fractionation (Repeatedly, and increasingly faster, have the client open and close their eyes with suggestions of going even deeper each time.) I am going to count from 1 to 3 and when I reach the number 3 you will open your eyes. Then when I say 'sleep' you will close your eyes and go even deeper than the time before.....1, 2, 3, open your eyes.....and sleep! Going even deeper each time. Again... Some hypnotists do a full emergence from trance, using the sleep trigger as a new full trance induction. This is thought to be more effective than simply having the client merely open his or her eyes while still remaining in trance.
Dissociated - Viewing/experiencing an event from outside one's own body. Example: Seeing yourself on a movie screen. Floating above an event and seeing yourself. Contrast with Associated.
Staircase, escalator and elevator Have client visualize or imagine being at the top of a staircase looking down ten steps to a beautifully comfortable bed at the bottom. As the client begins to step down each step they double their sense of relaxation until reaching the bottom where they drift slowly down onto the bed totally and completely relaxed. (Similar with escalator or elevator instead of stairs)
Suggested deepening Each and every breath you take will double your sense of relaxation....taking you even deeper. Listening to the sound of my voice takes you even deeper. Feeling the chair against your back takes you even deeper. Any background sounds or noises will neither disturb nor distract you...they will only cause you to go even deeper. Attach the Act of going deeper to a word, any word, I like using the word "deeper", so that every time I say the word "deeper", the subject goes deeper, and deeper and deeper into trance.
Double Bind - When confronted with two alternative suggestions within a sentence, the person will likely respond to the stronger suggestion when the other suggestion is weaker.
Future Pacing - A process for connecting resource states to specific cues in one's future so that resources will automatically reoccur.
Gestalt therapy - A humanistic therapy, developed by Fritz Perls, that encourages clients to satisfy emerging needs so that their innate goodness can be expressed, to increase their awareness of unacknowledged feelings, and to reclaim parts of the personality that have been denied or disowned.
Guided Imagery - The focused use of your power of imagination (not fantasy) It sets up an energy pattern in your mind and body that can have a profound effect on your state of well being.
Handshake Induction
Milton Erickson's Handshake Induction
The Handshake Induction
The following are excerpts from Erickson M.H., Rossi E. & Rossi S., “Hypnotic Realities : The Induction of Clinical Hypnosis and Forms of Indirect Suggestion”.
Dynamics Of The Handshake Induction:
The handshake induction is one of the most fascinating and effective procedures developed by Erricson for initiating hypnosis. It is essentially a surprise that interrupts a subject's habitual framework to initiate a momentary state of confusion. A receptivity for clarifying suggestions is thus initiated with an expectancy for further stimuli and direction. In a letter to Weitzenhoffer in 1961 Milton Erickson described his approach to the handshake induction as a means of initiating catalepsy. When he released the subject's hand, it would remain fixed in a cataleptic position or would keep moving in any direction he initiated. Erickson used this approach as a test to assess hypnotic susceptibility, and as well as a hypnotic induction procedure. The prerequisites for a successful handshake induction are a willingness on the part of the subject to be approached, an appropriate situation, and the suitability of the situation for a continuation of the experience. An edited version of his outline of the whole process and a few variations follow:[Here's your link to learn hypnosis]
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The Handshake Induction:
Initiation: When I begin by shaking hands, I do so normally. The "hypnotic touch" then begins when I let loose. The letting loose becomes transformed from a firm grip into a gentle touch by the thumb, a lingering drawing away of the little finger, a faint brushing of the subject's hand with the middle finger - just enough vague sensation to attract the attention. As the subject gives attention to the touch of your thumb, you shift to a touch with your little finger. As your subject's attention follows that, you shift to a touch with your middle finger and then again to the thumb.
This arousal of attention is merely an arousal without constituting a stimulus for a response.
The subject's withdrawal from the handshake is arrested by this attention arousal, which establishes a waiting set, and expectancy.
Then almost, but not quite simultaneously (to ensure separate neural recognition), you touch the undersurface of the hand (wrist) so gently that it barely suggests an upward push. This is followed by a similar utterly slight downward touch, and then I sever contact so gently that the subject does not know exactly when - and the subject's hand is left going neither up nor down, but cataleptic. Sometimes I give a lateral and medial touch so that the hand is even more rigidly cataleptic.
Termination: If you don't want your subject to know what you are doing, you simply distract their attention, usually by some appropriate remark, and casually terminate. Sometimes they remark, "What did you say? I got absentminded there for moment and wasn't paying attention to anything." This is slightly distressing to the subjects and indicative of the fact that their attention was so focused and fixated on the peculiar hand stimuli that they were momentarily entranced so they did not hear what was said.
Utilization: Any utilization leads to increasing trance depth. All utilization should proceed as a continuation of extension of the initial procedure. Much can be done non-verbally; for example, if any subjects are just looking blankly at me, I may slowly shift my gaze downward, causing them to look at their hand, which I touch and say "look at this spot.". This intensifies the trance state. Then, whether the subjects are looking at you or at their hand or just staring blankly, you can use your left hand to touch their elevated right hand from above or the side - so long as you merely give the suggestion of downward movement. Occasionally a downward nudge or push is required. If a strong push or nudge is required, check for anathseisia.
There are several colleagues who won't shake hands with me unless I reassure them first, because they developed a profound glove anesthesia when I used this procedure on them. I shook hands with them, looked them in the eyes, slowly yet rapidly immobilized my facial expression, and then focused my eyes on a spot far behind them. I then slowly and imperceptibly removed my hand from theirs and slowly moved to one side out of their direct line of vision. I have had it described variously, but the following is one of the most graphic. "I had heard about you and I wanted to meet you and you looked so interested and you shook hands so warmly. All of a sudden my arm was gone and your face changed and got so far away. Then the left side of your face, until that slowly vanished also.". At that moment the subject's eyes were fixed straight ahead, so that when I moved to the left out to his line of vision, the left side of my face "disappeared" first and then the right side also. "Your face slowly came back, you came close and smiled and said you would like to use me Saturday afternoon. Then I noticed my hand and asked you about it because I couldn't feel my whole arm... you just said to keep it that way just a little while for the experience."
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Again here's a link to really learn hypnosis.
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You give the elevated right hand (now cataleptic in the handshake position) the suggestion of a downward movement with a light touch. At the same time, with your other hand, you give a gentle touch indicating an upward movement for the subject's left hand. Then you have his left hand lifting, right hand lowering. When right hand reaches the lap, it will stop. The upward course of the left hand may stop or it may continue. I am likely to give it another touch and direct it toward the face so that some part will touch one eye. That effects eye closure and is very effective in inducing a deep trance without a single word having been spoken.
There are other non verbal suggestions. for example, what if my subject makes no response to my efforts with his right hand and the situation looks hopeless? If he is not looking at my face, my slow, gentle out-of-keeping-with-the-situation movements (remember: out-of-keeping) compel him to look at my face. I freeze my expression, refocus my gaze, and by slow head movements direct his gaze to his left hand, toward which my right hand is slowly, apparently purposelessly moving. As my right hand touches his left with a slight, gentle, upward movement, my left hand with very gentle firmness, just barely enough, presses down on his right hand for a moment until it moves. Thus, I confirm and reaffirm the downward movement of his right hand, a suggestion he accepts along with the tactile suggestion of left hand levitation. This upward movement is augmented by the fact that he has been breathing in time with me and that my right hand gives his left hand that upward touch at the moment when he is beginning an inspiration. This is further reinforced by whatever peripheral vision he has that notes the upward movement of my body as I inhale and as I slowly lift my body and head up and backward, when I give his left hand that upward touch.
Erickson's description of his handshake induction is a bit breathtaking to the beginner. How does one keep all of this in mind? How does one develop such a gentle touch and such skill? Above all, how does one learn to utilize whatever happens in the situation as a means of further focusing the subject's attention and inner involvement so that trance develops? Obviously a certain amount of dedication and patience are required to develop such skill. It is much more than a matter of simply shaking hands in a certain way. Shaking hands is simply a context in which Erickson makes contact with a person. He then utilizes this context to fix attention inward and so set the situation for that possible development of trance.
As he shakes hands, Erickson is himself fully focused on where the subject's attention is. Initially the subjects' attention is on a conventional social encounter, then, with the unexpected touches as their hand is released, there is a momentary confusion and their attention is rapidly focused on his hand. At this point "resistant" subjects might rapidly withdraw their hand and end the situation. Subjects who are ready to experience trance will be curious about what is happening. Their attention is fixed and they remain open and ready for further directing stimuli. The directing touches are so gentle and unusual that subjects' cognition has no way of evaluating them; the subjects have been given a rapid series of nonverbal cues to keep their hand fixed in one position (see last paragraph of the initiation), but they are not aware of it. Their hand responds to the directing touches for immobility, but they do not know why. It is simply a case of an automatic response on the kinesthetic level that initially defies conscious analysis because the subjects have had no previous experience with it. The directing touches for movement are responded to on the same level, with a similar gap in awareness and understanding.
The subjects find themselves responding in an unusual way without knowing why. Their attention is now directed inward in an intense search for an answer or for some orientation. This inner direction and search is the basic nature of trance. Subjects may become so preoccupied in their inner search that the usual sensory-perceptual processes of our normal reality orientation are momentarily suspended. The subjects may then experience an anesthesia, a lacuna in vision or audition, a time distortion, a deja vu, a sense of disorientation or vertigo, and so on. At this moment the subjects are open for further verbal or nonverbal suggestions that can intensify the inner search (transderivational search) in one direction or another.
Exercises in Nonverbal Approaches
The following are excerpts from Erickson M.H., Rossi E. & Rossi S., “Hypnotic Realities : The Induction of Clinical Hypnosis and Forms of Indirect Suggestion”, pg.111.
"The keys to learning nonverbal approaches to trance induction are observation, patience, and learning one step at a time. One can begin learning the handshake induction by developing a habit of carefully observing a person's eyes and face as you are shaking hands with them in a normal way."
The next stage might be to practice releasing the hand a bit slower than usual. Then learn how to definitely hesitate in releasing the hand, carefully watching the subject's face to "read" the nonverbal responses (e.g. confusion, expectancy) to your hesitation.
As your experience develops, even at this level you will begin to recognize who may be a good subject by the degree receptivity to your hesitation. The subject who "stays with you" and allows you to set the pace of the handshake is evidently more sensitive and responsive than the person who rushes off.
As your experience develops, even at this level you will begin to recognize who may be a good subject by the degree receptivity to your hesitation. The subject who "stays with you" and allows you to set the pace of the handshake is evidently more sensitive and responsive than the person who rushes off.
The next step might be only to release the hand halfway, so the subject is momentarily confused. You can then practice letting go of the rest of the hand so gently that the subject does not recognize when the release took place, the hand remaining momentarily suspended in midair. You can sometimes heighten this effect by speaking very softly so the subject's attention is further divided in trying to attend to you.
The final stage is learning to add the directing touches as non-verbal stimuli for immobility (catalepsy) or movement (hand levitation). Sacerdote (1970) had described and analyzed a similar procedure for inducing catalepsy in a non-verbal manner." And for those with a thirst for more, check out this page with the fine details about interruption techniques.
Homeostasis - A state of equilibrium. What the body returns to when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated to respond to the fight/flight mechanism of the sympathetic nervous system.
Hypersuggestibility - A state of waking hypnosis and exaggerated suggestibility to influencing factors in the environment, especially to negatives; possibly the greatest cause of all emotional and physical problems.
Hypnosex - Sexual (with or without actual physical contact) gratification through the use of hypnotic suggestions, up to and including orgasm and climax.
Hypnotherapist - A therapist who utilizes hypnosis as a primary tool for assisting clients to achieve their goals. A Hypnotherapist often differs from others therapists by focusing on the role of subconscious behaviors and influences on the client's life.
Hypnotist - A person skilled in the technique of inducing the hypnotic state in others. Hypnotists are often associated with the use of hypnosis for entertainment.
Ideomotor - Idea/thought + movement. Allows the subconscious mind to provide answers independent of the conscious mind/without interference of the conscious mind.
Induction - Inductions are used by the hypnotherapist to guide the client into trance. Inductions can be long (progressive muscle relaxation, (greater than 4 minutes)), rapid (normally 1-4 minutes) and instant (less than 1 minute).
Inferred Suggestions - A suggestion given that contains a message other than the immediately obvious one. Usually the underlying meaning is not immediately understood by the client consciously, but he/she will have a delayed reaction to it. It is especially effective with emotionally suggestible clients.
Initial Sensitizing Event - ISE - An emotional event that is the ORIGIN of a certain problem, creating a sensitivity to feelings; such as claustrophobia traced back to being locked in a closet in early childhood.
Literal Suggestion - A direct suggestion with no underlying meaning; used primarily with physically suggestible clients.
Past Life Regression - Reviewing memories from past incarnations using hypnosis.
Patter - Your running commentary as you perform therapy. For some therapy, the patter may be a story. With others, it may be direct suggestions.
Post-Hypnotic Suggestion - A suggestion given during a hypnosis session which is acted upon sometime after the hypnosis session.
Pretalk - Explains what hypnosis is and is not, explains the mind and how it works, dispels myths and misconceptions, eliminates fear. Used to create expectancy and build rapport.
Reframing - Using the imagination to imagine a different outcome of a past event, such as combining Gestalt therapy with regression therapy to facilitate release; also used in NLP with guided imagery
Regression - Going back in time during trance to remember past events, and replaying them in the imagination, often with accompanying emotions
Revivification - Reliving past experiences. Past experiences can be pleasant or unpleasant.
Somnambulism - First level of deep hypnosis. Level used for making behavioral changes, regression therapy, access to memories that have been suppressed, receptive to suggestions.
Systematic Desensitization - the use of programmed imagery in a systematic way to help desensitize someone from an anxiety or phobia
Triggers - Something seen, heard, felt, etc., which "triggers" a response, urge, memory, or emotion, etc., such as turning the key in the car might "trigger" a smoker to light up a cigarette.
Hypnotherapy is often applied in order to modify a subject's behavior, emotional content, and attitudes, as well as a wide range of conditions including dysfunctional habits, anxiety, stress-related illness, pain management, and personal development.
A misconception in popular culture is that hypnosis is often the product of vivid imaginations and that hypnotic phenomena are merely imagined in the mind. However, research indicates many imaginative people do not fare well as good hypnotic subjects. Furthermore, studies using PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scans have shown that hypnotized subjects suggested to have auditory hallucinations demonstrated regional blood flow in the same areas of the brain as real hearing, whereas subjects merely imagining hearing noise did not.
Formal training will cover things such as chair placement, touching and moving people, how to handle abreactions, and much much more. Hypnotic Phenomena. Hypnotic Phenomena used in what is [a] skits, Catalepsy, Time Distortion, Amnesia, Negative or Positive Hallucination, Post-Hypnotic Suggestion and how does Age regression occur?
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Recommended reading
Bandler, Richard & Grinder, John (19__) Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson, M.D. Vols. 1&2
Healthy advice about reading this book : If you are, it would take a little longer to finish thoroughly. An book on Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) that covers both the Meta-model and the Milton Model (consider "Introducing NLP", by Joseph O'Connor et al. -- it has a green cover) will provide a great introduction/pre-read to this book.
The exhaustive list of presuppositions in language is, itself, a goldmine of information and study, and can reward diligent study and practice with exponential elevations in skill.
Braid, J (2007) Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, and Electro-Biology
Burns, George, W. (19__) 101 Healing Stories: Using Metaphors in Therapy
This guy is a great advocate for the power of storytelling. He is not only a master storyteller, he is able to do what few artists blessed with a disciplined genius can do. He can describe what he did and why he did it.
Cialdini, R. B (19--) Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion
Dilts, R. (19__) Beliefs: Pathways to healing and well being
This is a practical guide, using Neuro-Linguistic Programming for healing and for enhancing wellness.
Robert Dilts, world known developer of Neuro Linguistic Programming talks to Lisbeth Nielsson about the importance of Authentic Leadership in Times of Change and Crisis, the Inner Game of Self Leadership - and of Thought Virus.
Erickson Milton H. MD, Rossi, Ernest R., Rossi Sheila I. (1976) Hypnotic Realities -- The Induction of Clinical Hypnosis and Forms of Indirect Suggestion, J. Wiley, Inc.
Erickson, M. H & Ernest L. Rossi, E. L (196_) The Collected Papers of Milton H. Erickson on Hypnosis
Some of the topics Erickson covered:
That Which Occurs Within
The Inward Orientation
Frigidity and Impotence
The Individual Approach
Common Sense Suggestion
Hay, L. (1999) Heal Your body
http://www.amazon.com/Heal-Your-Body-Louise-Hay/dp/0937611352#reader
"If we are willing to do the mental work, almost anything can be healed."
Krasner, A. M. (19 ) The Wizard Within
Robertson, D. J (2009) The Discovery of Hypnosis: The Complete Writings of James Braid the Father of Hypnotherapy.
Rosen, Sidney (19 ) My Voice Will Go With You: The Teaching Tales of Milton H. Erickson
Weitzenhoffer, Andre.M. (1968) General Techniques of Hypnotism, New York: Grune and Stratton, Inc.
Weiss, B (19__) Many Lives, Many Masters: The True Story of a Prominent Psychiatrist, His Young Patient, and the Past Life Therapy That Changed Both Their Lives
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